USUV has been detected in Italy since 2007 in mosquitoes, birds and humans. Since 2013, WNV Lin2 was the main strain detected, and a west bound spread of the virus started. WNV lineage 1 (Lin1) was the only strain detected until 2011 when, for the first time, the presence of both WNV Lin1 and WNV lineage 2 (Lin2) was demonstrated. In Italy, an increasing number of outbreaks of West Nile disease, with occurrences of human cases, have been reported since 2008, mainly in the North East part of the Country. Mosquitoes infected with USUV can incidentally transmit the virus to other vertebrates, including humans, which can result in neuroinvasive disease. USUV is generally correlated with high mortality rates in its bird reservoirs. WNV neuroinvasive disease develops in <1% of WNV-infected persons. WNV risk for human health is well recognized: the majority (*80%) of infections in humans are asymptomatic, and symptomatic infections are mostly characterized by a mild, self-limiting febrile illness. Human infection through blood transfusion and solid organ transplantation is also demonstrated. WNV can be occasionally transmitted, through mosquito bites, to vertebrates other than birds as humans and horses that are considered dead-end hosts. WNV and USUV are antigenically close flavivirus with similar enzootic birds-mosquitoes transmission cycle where co-circulation has been reported in several studies. Given the complex epidemiology of MBDs, Public Health Authorities are encouraging the interaction between multiple disciplines to implement an effective early warning. and viruses as Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), transmitted by Aedes sp., not endemic in Italy but with the potential to spread to new areas where the mosquito vector is present.įurthermore, in the last 10 years (2007/2017), two autochthonous Chikungunya virus outbreaks (CHIKV_ Alphavirus genus, family Togaviridae transmitted by Aedes sp.) with hundreds of cases due to an imported case followed by local vectorial transmission occurred in Italy, showing the impact that this virus could have even in a non-endemic country. This genus includes viruses considered endemic in Italy as West Nile Virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) transmitted by Culex sp. Of great concern are the infections caused by viruses belonging to the Flavivirusgenus. Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) are dangerously increasing in prevalence, geographical distribution and severity, representing a worldwide emerging threat for both humans and animals. *Address all correspondence to: Introduction Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l’Ambiente (IPLA), Italy.Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, Italy.Something as simple as putting your cellphone in a different room, away from your desk for an hour, can help you focus on what matters most.ĭistractions (and mosquitoes) are not inherently bad, but the ability to control attention and maintain focus on what’s wildly important is like a superpower for creating value and delivering results. Saying no to distractions and getting into flow state is how I: Csikszentmihalyi even calls flow the secret to happiness. In his book of the same name, he defines flow as “the state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter.” Athletes and artists commonly refer to it as being “in the zone” or “in the groove.”ĭr. Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi labeled this feeling of hyperfocus as Flow. I’ve found that my best work-the kind of work that creates value-comes from uninterrupted periods of time when I’m focused on just one thing.Ī heightened sense of awareness emerges and I feel energized. The cost of frequently switching tasks is a reduction in cognitive performance, which is why it’s important to avoid distractions.
Sophie Leroy, Associate Professor at the University of Washington Bothell, discusses attention residue in her peer-reviewed article “ Why is it so hard to do my work?” and defines the effect as “when thoughts about a task persist and intrude while performing another task.” Task switching has a costly, negative effect on the brain. All day, these kinds of distractions tug on our attention and pull us away from our work. That urge to check your phone when you’re in the midst of solving a complex problem. Email pop-ups in the corner of the screen. Like mosquitoes, they’re persistent and unrelenting.įacebook notifications.
0 kommentar(er)
